This research proposed the preparation of chemically derived Graphene oxides with coal as the starting material by means of a chemical solution-phase technique using nitric acid. Coal is the best candidate to replace graphite, the raw material for the production of graphene. For preparation of coal-based graphene, a new solution-phase technique has been developed. The yield of graphene oxides increased from coal by solution-phase technique.

The facile approach has been investigated to synthesize Graphene oxides from coal Dara Adam Khel because coal structure has an advantage over pure sp²-carbon allotropes for the production of graphene oxide. The crystalline carbon within the coal structure is easier to oxidatively displace when pure sp²-carbon structures are used, resulting in nanometer-sized graphene oxides. The synthesis process was strong acid oxidation. 5g of coal (74µm) with 500 mL of nitric acid was first sonicated for 2h before oxidizing for 24h.Then it was neutralized with 3 molar sodium hydroxide solution which was subsequently passed through dialysis bags and dried at 55^oC in convection oven.

FTIR, TGA, and PSA analysis were carried out on graphene oxides solution. FTIR analysis showed the presence of C-H, C=C, and C-O by stretching vibration indicates at 3300cm^-1, 1630 cm^-1, 1340 cm^-1 and 541 cm^-1 respectively. TGA under nitrogen environment was performed on raw and residue coal obtained after filtration of solution whereas PSA performed on the residue of coal only.