Author: Poststructuralist Discourse (and the Concerns of Intizar Hussain)
Abstract
This article begins by discussing the author's intention in relation to Russian formalism and new criticism, and then proceeds to explore the ideas about the author in post-structuralist discourse. It alludes to the social, political, and philosophical aspects of the differences between Western and Urdu criticism on this matter. Intizar Hussain, an important Urdu writer, expressed reservations in this regard, so his concerns are presented alongside a detailed analysis of the views of Roland Barthes, Jacques Derrida, and Michel Foucault. This is done to clarify the author's concept in the words of these Western intellectuals and to elucidate the nature of the concerns raised by Urdu writer.
References
Dr. Jameel Jalbi (1969) Qoumi Angrezi Urdu Lughat 1st Edition, Islamabad, Muqtadra Qoumi Zaban
“In language there are only differences. Even more important: a difference generally implies positive terms between which the difference is set up; but in language there are only differences without positive terms. Whether we take the signified or the signifier, language has neither ideas nor sounds that existed before the linguistic system, but only conceptual and phonic differences that have issued from the system.”
Ferdinand De Saussure (2011) Course In General Linguestics, trns. by Wade Baskin, edited by Perry Meisel and Haun Saussy, New York, Columbia University Press
“If the pharmakon is "ambivalent", it is because it constitute the medium in which opposites are opposed, the movement and the play that links them among themselves, reverses them or makes one side cross over into the other (Soul/body, good/evil, inside/outside, memory/forgetfilness, speech/writing, ets.)”
Jacques Derrida (1981 A) Positions trans. by Alan Bass, U.S.A., The University of Chicago Press
Jacques Derrida (1981 B) Dissemination, 1st Edition, Trns. by Barbara Johnson, London, The Athlone Press
Jacques Derrida (1997) Of Grammatology, trns. by Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, 2nd Edition, Baltimor & London: The Johns Hopkins University Press
Jacques Derrida & Mourizio Ferraris(2001) A taste for the secret, 1st Edition, Trans. by Giacomo Donis, U.K. , Polity Press Cambridge
Jacques Derrida (October 2021) Meyar Vol:13, No:01 Jacques Derrida's Text: "Structure, Sign and Play in the Discourse of the Human Sciences" (Translation and Illustration) Trans. by Khurram Shehzad, Islamabad , International Islamic University
Khurram Shehzad (2022) Jacques Derrida Ka Tehreer Asas Falsfa, 1st Edition, Karachi, City Book Point Publishers
"The author is the principle of thrift in the proliferation of meaning . As a result, we must entirely reverse the traditional idea of the author. We are accustomed, as we have seen earlier, to saying that the author is the genial creator of a work in which he deposits, with infinite wealth and generosity, an inexhaustible. World of significations. We are used to thinking that the author is so different from all other men, and so transcendent with regard to all languages that, as soon as he speaks, meaning begins to proliferate, to proliferate indefinitely."
"Freud is not just the author of The Interpretation of Dreams or Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious; Marx is not just the author of the Communist Manifesto or Das Kapital: they both have established an endless possibility of discourse."
Michel Foucault (1984) Foucault Reader 1st Edition, Edited by Paul Rabinow, U.S.A. Pantheon Books New York
Qasim Yaqoob (2017) Lafz aur Tanqeed Maani 1st Edition, Islamabad, Poorab Akadmi Islamabad
"In his story Sarrasine Balzac, describing a castrato disguised as a woman, writes the following sentence: 'This was woman herself, with her sudden fears, her irrational whims, her instinctive worries, her impetuous boldness, her fussings, and her delicious sensibility."
"We shall never know, for the good reason that writing is the destruction of every voice, of every point of origin. Writing is that neutral, composite, oblique space where our subject slips away, the negative where all identity is lost, starting with the very identity of the body writing."
"The author is a modern figure, a product of our society insofar as, emerging from the Middle Ages with English empiricism, French rationalism and the personal faith of the Reformation, it discovered the prestige of the individual, of, as it is more nobly put, the 'human person'. It is thus, logical that in literature it should be this positivism, the epitome and culmination of capitalist ideology, which has attached the greatest importance to the 'person' of the author."
Roland Barthes (1977) Image Music Text, 1st Edition, Trans. by Stephen Heath, London, Fontana Press
Tim Smith-laing (2018) Michel Foucault’s What is an Author? 1st Edition, U.S.A. Routledge New York
William K, Wimsatt Jr. & Monroe C. Beardsley (1954) The Verbal Icaon 1st Edition, U.S.A. The University Press of Kentucky.
Zamir Ali Badayuni(2006) Mabaad Jadeediat Ka Dusra Rukh, 1st Edition, Trans. By Mubeen Mirza Karachi, Sheharzaad PublishersFull Text: PDF
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