Journal of Media Studies, Vol 38, No 2 (2023)

Font Size:  Small  Medium  Large

Homosexual Media Exposure and Attitude toward omosexuals: Moderating Role of Religion

Areeba Wajhat, Iqra Saeed, Muzammil Saeed

Abstract


Online streaming platforms over the past 10 years are growing faster than ever in this new millennium of digitized technological innovation. These platforms have not only revolutionized the means of media consumption but they are producing unexpected effects on the masses as well. For the most part, these platforms have captured the masses around the globe through enormous entertaining content by distributing diverse films and television series. The current research aims to investigate the impact of homosexual media on attitude formation and moderating role of religion on the relationship between content exposure and attitude toward homosexuality. In this study, a questionnaire was adopted as an instrument to collect the data. A sample of 440 adults and young adults was selected by using convenience sampling technique. Further, by using concept of ‘Symbolic interactionism’ the study aimed to understand how media exposed people to its content and how religion moderate between media exposure and attitude formation. Findings of this research suggested that majority Pakistani adults and young adults hold a negative attitude towards homosexual people. Furthermore, moderating displaying an evidence on the absence of any consequential and significantly conditional role of religion among the relationship between exposure of homosexual content and attitude of adults and young adults.


References


Adamczyk, A. (2017). Cross-national public opinion about homosexuality: Examining attitudes. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Adamczyk, A., & Pitt, C. (2009). Shaping attitudes about homosexuality: The role of religion and cultural context. Social Science Research, 38(2), 338-351.

Allport, G.W. (1954). The Nature of Prejudice. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Allport, G. W., & Ross, M. J. (1967). Personal religious orientation and prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Pscychology, 5(4), 432-443.

Altemeyer, R.A., & Altemeyer, B. (1996). The authoritarian specter. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.

Ambrosino, B. (2016, June 28). I am gay-but I wasn’t born this way. The BBC. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20160627-i-am-gay-but-i-wasnt-born-this-way

Azrowani Ulia, M .R., Azlina, Z., Omar Fauzee, M.S., & Rozita, A.L. (2012). Perception

towards homosexual athletes in Malaysia. International Proceedings of Economics

Development & Research, 53(6), 25-30. doi:10.7763/IPEDR

Bond, B. J., & Compton, B. L. (2015). Gay On-Screen: The Relationship Between Exposure to Gay Characters on Television and Heterosexual Audiences' Endorsement of Gay Equality. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media. doi:10.1080/08838151.2015.1093485

Bonds-Raacke, J.M., Cady, E.T., Schlegel, R., Harris, R.J., & Firebaugh, L. (2007). Remembering Gay/Lesbian Media Characters: Can Ellen and Will Improve Attitudes Toward Homosexuals? Journal of Homosexuality. 53(3): 19-34.

Bonthuys, E., & Erlank, N. (2012). Modes of (in)tolerance: South African Muslims and same-sex relationships. Culture, Health & Sexuality: An International Journal for Research, Intervention and Care, 14(3), 269-282.

Bosson, J.K., & Michniewwicz, K.S. (2013). Gender dichotomization at the level of In-group identity: What it is, and why men use it more than women. Journal of Personal and Social Psychology, 105, 425-442. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033126.

Calzo, J. P., & Ward, L. M. (2009). Media Exposure and Viewers' Attitudes Toward Homosexuality: Evidence for Mainstreaming or Resonance? Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 280-299.

Cao, H., Wang, P., & Gao, Y. (2010). A Survey of Chinese University Students’ Perceptions of and Attitudes Towards Homosexuality. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 38(6), 721-728. doi:10.2224/sbp.2010.38.6.721

Cheng, Y.H.A., Wu, F.C.F., & Adamczyk, A. (2016). Changing attitudes toward homosexuality in Taiwan, 1995-2012. Chinese Sociology Review, 2(2), 73-90.

Cordeiro, P., Mendes A., Mascarenhas, J., & Lameira, S. (2018). Entertainment Media: Times of Branded Content. In I. R. (IRMA), Digital Marketing and Consumer Engagement: Concepts, Methodologies, Tool, and Applications, 957-978.

Detenber, B. H., Cenite , M., Ku, M. K., Ong, C. P., Tong, H. Y., & Yeow, M. L. (2007). Singaporeans' Attitudes Toward Lesbian and Gay Men and Their Tolerence of Media Portrayals of Homosexuality. International Journal of Public Opionion Research, 19(3), 367-379.

Eliason M.J. (1995). Attitudes about lesbians and gay men: A review and implications for social service training. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 2(2), 73-90.

Espino, Q. R., Bautista, S. S., Bennagen, J. N., & Tabanao, K. K. (2021). RELIGION AND SOCIAL TOLERANCE: GENERATION Z'S VIEWS ON EXPOSURE TO HOMOSEXUALITY IN THE MASS MEDIA. Religio Education, 1, 15-24

Feng, Y., Lou, C. Gao, E., Tu, X., Cheng, Y., Emerson, M.R., & Zabin, L.S. (2012). Adolescents’ and Young Adullts’ Perception of Homosexuality and Related Factors in Three Asian Cities. Journal of Adolescents Health, 50(3), 52-60. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.12.008

Gehrau, V., Brüggemann, T., & Handrup, J. (2016). Media and Occupational Aspirations: The Effect of Television on Career Aspirations of Adolescents. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 465-483.

Gentry, C.S. (1987). Social distance regarding male and female homosexuals. Journal of Social Psychology, 127, 199-200.

Glassner, B., & Owen, C. (1976). Variations in attitudes toward homosexuality. Cornell Journal of Social Relations, 161-176.

Glick, P., Wilkerson, M., & Cuffe, M. (2015). Masculine identity, ambivalent sexism, and attitudes toward gender subtypes: Favoring masculine men and feminine women. Social Psychology. 46: 210-217. doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000228.

Gonta, G., Hansen, S., Fagin, C., & Fong, J. (2017). Changing Media and Changing Minds: Media Exposure and. Pepperdine Journal of Communication Research, V(5).

Gulevich, O., Krivoshchekov, V., & Sorokina, A. (2021). Gender identification and attitudes toward gay people: Gender and sexuality differences and similarities. Current Psychology, 1-14.

Hans, J. D., Kersey, M., & Kimberly, C. (2012). Self-Perceived Origins of Attitudes toward Homosexuality. Journal of Homosexuality, 59(1), 4-17.

Harrington, C. L. (2003). Homosexuality on All My Children: Transforming the Daytime Landscape. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 47(2), 216-235.

Herek, G.M. (1987). Religious orientation and prejudice: A comparison of racial and sexual attitudes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 47(2), 216-235.

Herek, G.M. (1988). Heterosexuals’ attitude toward lesbians and gay men: correlates and gender differences. Journal of Sex Research, 25(4), 451-477.

Herek, G. M., & Capitanio, J. P. (1996). "Some of My Best Friends" Intergroup Contact, Concealable Stigma, and Heterosexuals' Attitudes toward Gay Men and Lesbians. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 412-424.

Herek, G.M., & McLemore, K.A. (2013). Sexual Prejudice. Annual Review of Psychology. 309-333.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             

Inbar, Y., Pizarro, D. A., & Bloom, P. (2009a). Conservatives are more easily disgusted than liberals. Cogn. Emot. 23, 714–725. doi: 10.1080/02699930802110007

Jäckle, S., & Wenzelburger, G. (2015). Religion, religiosity, and the attitudes toward homosexuality a multilevel analysis of 79 countries. Journal of Homosexuality, 62(2), 207-241.

Johnson, M. E., Berms, C., & Alford-Keating, P. (1997). Personality Correlates of Homophobia. Journal of Homosexuality, 34, 57-69.

Kiss, M. J., Morrison, M. A., and Morrison, T. G. (2018). A meta-analytic review of the association between disgust and prejudice toward gay men. J. Homosex. doi: 10.1080/00918369.2018.1553349

Kite, M. E., & Whitley Jr., B. E. (1988). Do heterosexual women and men differ in their attitudes toward homosexuality? A conceptual and methodological analysis. In G. M. Herek (Ed.), Stigma and sexual orientation: Understanding prejudice against lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals, 39-61

Kuptsevych, A. (2014). The Influence Of Religiosity On The Attitudes Towards Homosexuality Among College Students [Master’s thesis, Minnesota State University, Mankato]. Cornerstone: A Collection of Scholarly and Creative Works for Minnesota State University, Mankato. Retrieved from https://cornerstone.lib.mnsu.edu/etds/303/

Kyes, K. B., & Tumbelaka, L. (1994). Comparison of Indonesian and American college students’ attitudes toward homosexuality. Psychological Reports, 74(1), 227-237.

Landchico, D.L.C., Aliwalas, M.R.G., Buenaventura, M.J.B., Rodriguez, L.M. (2014). Religiosity and attitude towards homosexuals among adolescents. Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 2(3).

Larsen, K. S., Cate, R., & Reed, M. (1983). Anti-black attitudes, religious orthodoxy, permissiveness, and sexual information: A Study of the Attitudes of Heterosexuals toward Homosexuality. The Journal of Sex Research, 19 (2), 105-118.

Lim, V.K. (2002). Gender differences and attitudes towards homosexuality. Journal of homosexuality, 43(1), 85-97.

Lin, K., Button, D. M., Su, M., & Chen, S. (2016). Chinese College Students’ Attitudes toward Homosexuality: Exploring the Effects of Traditional Culture and Modernizing Factors. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 158-172.

Lissitsa, S., & Kushnirovich, N. (2020). Coevolution between Parasocial Interaction in Digital Media and Social Contact with LGBT People. Journal of Homosexuality, 1-24.

Martel, L. D., Hawk, S., & Hatfield, E. (2004). Sexual Behavior and Culture. (C. D. Spielberger, Ed.) Encyclopedia of Applied Psychology, 385-391.

Maryam, H., Alam, R., Naqvi, S.S., & Hussain, R. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 on the Online Media Consumption Habits of Young Pakistani Consumers. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350603540_Impact_of_COVID-19_on_the_Online_Media_Consumption_Habits_of_Young_Pakistani_Consumers

McFarland, S. G. (1989). Religious Orientations and the Targets of Discrimination. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 8(3), 324-336.

Nielsen. (2020, February 12). Being Seen On Screen: Diverse Representation and Inclusion on TV. Retrieved from Nielsen: https://www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/report/2020/being-seen-on-screen diverse-representation-and-inclusion-on-tv

Olson, L. R., Cadge, W., & Harrison, J. T. (2006). Religion and Public opinion about same-sex Marriage. Social Science Quarterly, 340-360.

Poushter, J., Kent, N. (2020). The global divide on homosexuality persists. Pew Research Center, 25.

Pratto, F., Stallworth, L.M., & Sidanius, J. (1997). The gender gap: Differences in political attitudes and social dominance orientation. British Journal of Social Psychology, 36, 94-68.

Reasons, C.E., & Hughson, Q. (2000). Violence against gays and lesbians. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 30(1-2), 137-159.

Roggemans, L., Spruyt, B., Broogenbroeck, F. V., & Kepens, G. (2015). Religion and Negative Attitudes towards Homosexuals: An Analysis of Urban Young People and Their Attitudes towards Homosexuality. YOUNG, 23(3), 254-276.

Rowatt, W. C., Tsang, J.-A., Kelly, J., LaMartina, B., McCullers, M., & McKinley, A. (2006). Associations between Religious Personality Dimensions and Implicit Homosexual Prejudice. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 45(3), 397-406

Sharpe, S. (2002). 'It's just really hard to come to terms with': Young people's views on homosexuality. Sex Education, 2(3), 263-277

Subhrajit, C. (2014). Problems faced by LGBT people in the mainstream society: Some recommendations. International Journal of Interdisciplinary and Multidisciplinary Studies, 1(5), 317-331.

Ventura, L.A., Lambert, E.G., Bryant, M., & Pasupuleti, S. (2004). Differences in attitudes toward gays and lesbians among criminal justice and non-criminal justice majors. American Journal of Criminal Justice. 28: 165-180. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02885870

Wagenaar, T. C., & Bartos, E. P. (1977). Orthodoxy and Attitudes of Clergymen towards Homosexuality and Abortion. Review of Religious Research, 18(2), 114-125

Wang, R., Yang, Q., Huang, P., Sai, L., & Gong, Y. (2019). The association between disgust sensitivity and negative attitudes toward homosexuality: the mediating role of moral foundations. Frontiers in psychology, 1229.

Whitley, B.E. Jr. (1998). Authoritarianism and social dominance orientation as independent dimensions of prejudice. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, San Francisco.

Whitley, B. E. (2001). Gender-Role Variables and Attitudes toward Homosexuality. Sex Roles, 691-721.

Whitley, B.E. Jr., & Lee, S.E. (2000). The relationship of authoritarianism and related costructs to attitude towards homosexuality. Journal of Applied Psychology, 30, 144-170.

Worthington, E.L., Wade, N.G., Hight, T.L., Ripley, J.S., McCullough, M.E., Berry, J.W., & O’Connor, L. (2003). The Religious Commitment Inventory-10: Development, refinement, and validation of a brief scale for research and counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 50(1), 84-96.


Full Text: PDF

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

Institute of Communication Studies
University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore - 54590, Pakistan.

E-Mail : ed.jms.ics@gmail.com

Phone No. : 92-42-99231225