A review on mysterious poisonous mushrooms of Pakistan, unveiling their implications and threats
Huma Gul, Shujaul Mulk Khan, Shakil Ahmad Zeb, Fazli Maula, Nasira Bibi
Abstract
Fungi have been fascinating humans for centuries due to their distinct properties and uses. Among them, the poisonous or toxic mushrooms are particularly intriguing and dangerous for human health. This review article provides an overview of poisonous mushrooms, including information on their toxins, risks, signs, and usage. A total of 81 poisonous mushrooms were reported which belongs to 30 families and 46 genera. The most dominant and toxic mushroom species were recorded from family Agaricaceae and Amanitaceae. Some macrofungi are highly toxic and are responsible for deaths such as Galerina marginata, Amanita phalloides and Amanita cinis. These deadly mushrooms have a wide range of unique chemicals like orellanine, muscimol, gyromitrin and ibotenic acid. Rhabidomyolisis, carcinogenicity, renal failure, increase heart rate and respiratory alterations effects are among the outcomes of the toxicity of these poisonous mushrooms. Based on this review, it is concluded that toxicological testing is required to confirm whether mushrooms are safe to eat or use medicinally along with accurate identification to avoid any mishaps. This comprehensive review will also enhance public knowledge about toxic mushrooms and how to prevent from mushroom poisoning.
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