Professional Milieus Challenged By Pakistani Journalists On Twitter
Abstract
As the journalists' role conception manifests in their journalistic outputs (role performance), this study attempts to predict the role conception of Pakistani journalists by examining their role performance on Twitter. Professional milieus standardized by Thomas Hanitzsch, i.e., Populist Disseminator, Detached Watchdog, Critical Change Agent, and Opportunist Facilitator, serve as the theoretical basis for the current study. This research examines the tweets of the top 20 journalists of Pakistan with the most followership on Twitter through Content Analysis of their six months' tweets. Findings reveal that the Detached Watchdog professional milieu dominates the journalistic practices in Pakistan, which challenges the claims of Thomas Hanitzsch's study. He suggests that the Detached watchdog milieu dominates the developed or Western countries in the journalistic field but developing, transitional and authoritarian countries practice the Opportunist Facilitator professional milieu. Considering Pakistan, a developing country, the current study's findings show that the Detached Watchdog professional milieu dominates the journalistic practices in Pakistan. The study also reveals that despite the convergence of media and extensive Twitter usage in Pakistan, traditional electronic media is still a popular medium and Twitter traffic of Pakistani journalists highly depends on their active presence on electronic media.
References
Beckett, C. (2008). SuperMedia - saving journalism so it can save the world. . West Sussex: Blackwell Publishing.
Berkowitz, D., Limor, Y., & Singer, J. (2004). A cross-cultural look at serving the public interest: American and Israeli journalists consider ethical scenarios. Journalism, 5(2), 159-181.
Deuze, M. (2003). The Web and Its Journalisms: Considering the consequences of different types of news media online. New Media & Society, 5(2), 203-230.
Deuze, M. (2005). What is journalism? Professional identity and ideology of journalists reconsidered. Journalism, 6(4), 442-464.
Donsbach, W., & Patterson, T. (2004). Political news journalists: Partisanship, professionalism, and political roles in five countries. In F. Esser, & B. Pfetsch, Comapring Political Communication: Theories, Cases, and Challenges (pp. 251-270). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Edson C. Tandoc, J., Cabañes, J. V., & Cayabyab, Y. M. (2018, April 13). Bridging The Gap Journalists' role orientation and role performance on Twitter. Journalism Studies, 1-16.
Esser, F. (1998). Editorial structures and work principles in British and German newsrooms. European Journal of Communication. European Journal of Communication, 13, 375-405.
Farhi, P. (2009). The Twitter Explosion. American Journalism Review, 31(3), pp. 26-31.
Grant, W. J., Moon, B., & Grant, J. B. (2010, 11 19). Digital Dialogue? Australian Politicians' use of the Social Network Tool Twitter. Australian Journal of Political Science, 45(4), 579-604.
Hallin, D., & Mancini, P. (2004). Comparing Media Systems: Three Models of Media and Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Hanitzsch, T. (2007). Deconstructing Journalism Culture: Toward a Universal Theory. Communication Theory, 367-385.
Hanitzsch, T., & Vos, T. P. (2017). Journalistic Roles and the Struggle Over Institutional Identity: The Discursive Constitution of Journalism. Communication Theory, 1-21.
Hanitzsch, T., Hanusch, F., Mellado, C., Anikina, C., Berganza, R., & Cangoz, I. (2011). Mapping journalism cultures across nations: A comparative study of 18 countries. Journalism Studies, 12(3), 273-293.
Hanusch, F., & Bruns, A. (2016, March 11). Journalistic Branding on Twitter. Digital Journalism.
Hayes, A. S., Singer, J. B., & Ceppos, J. (2007, Dec 5). Shifting Roles, Enduring Values: The Credible Journalist in a Digital Age. Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 22(4), 262-279.
Hootsuite, & Social, W. a. (2018). Essential Insights Into Internet, Social Media, Mobile, And Ecommerce Use Around The World. Digital in 2018.
Lasorsa, D. L., Lewis, S. C., & Holton, A. E. (2012). Normalizing Twitter Journalism practice in an emerging communication space. Journalism Studies, 13(1), 19-36.
Lewis, S. C., Kaufhold, K., & Lasorsa, D. L. (2009, Oct 13). Thinking About Citizen Journalism The philosophical and practical challenges of user-generated content for community newspapers. Journalism Practice, 4(2), 163-179.
Ludtke, M. (2009). Let's talk: journalism and social media. . Nieman reports, finding a good fit - journalism and social media.
Phillips, A. (2010, July 8). TRANSPARENCY AND THE NEW Ethics Of Journalism. Journalism Practice, 4(3), 373-382.
Phillips, A., Singer, J. B., Vlad, T., & Becker, L. B. (2009). Implications of Technological Change For Journalists' Tasks and Skills. Journal of Media Business Studies, 6(1), 61-85.
Preston, P. (2009). Making the News: Journalism and News Cultures in Europe. London and New York: Routledge.
Shoemaker, P. J., & Cohen, A. A. (2006). News around the world: Content, practitioners, and the public. Routledge.
Singer, J. B. (2005). The Political J-Blogger: 'Normalizing' a New Media Form To Fit Old Norms and Practices. Journalism, 6(2), 173-198.
Stassen, W. (2010). Your news in 140 characters: exploring the role of social media in journalism. (A. Journal, Ed.) Global Media Journal, 4(1).
Weaver, D. (1998). Journalist around the world: Commonalities and differences. In D. Weaver, The Global Journalist: News People around the world (pp. 455-480). NJ Creskill: Hampton Press.
Full Text: PDF
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
