Exposure to Multiple Communication Channels and Preventive Behaviors during COVID-19 in Pakistan: An Application of Extended Parallel Process Model

Abstract

Abroms, L. C., & Maibach, E. W. (2008). The effectiveness of mass communication to change public behavior. Annual Review Of Public Health, 29(1), 219-234. 

Avery, E. (2010). Contextual and audience moderators of channel selection and message reception of public health information in routine and crisis situations. Journal of Public Relations Research, 22(4), 378-403. doi:10.1080/10627261003801404

Bandura, A. (2004). Health promotion by social cognitive means. Health Education & Behavior, 31(2), 143-164. doi:10.1177/1090198104263660

Barnett, D. J., Balicer, R. D., Thompson, C. B., Storey, J. D., Omer, S. B., Semon, N. L., ... & Norbin, J. A. (2009). Assessment of local public health workers' willingness to respond to pandemic influenza through application of the extended parallel process model. PloS one, 4(7), e6365.

Basil, M., Basil, D., Deshpande, S., & Lavack, A. M. (2013). Applying the extended parallel process model to workplace safety messages. Health Communication, 28(1), 29-39. Doi:10.1080/10410236.2012.708632

Batchelder, A., & Matusitz, J. (2014). "Let's Move" campaign: Applying the extended parallel process model. Social Work in Public Health, 29(5), 462-472. doi:10.1080/19371918.2013.865110

Beckerle, C. M., & Lavin, M. A. (2013). Association of self-efficacy and self-care with glycemic control in diabetes. Diabetes Spectrum, 26(3), 172-178.

Birmingham, W. C., Hung, M., Boonyasiriwat, W., Kohlmann, W., Walters, S. T., Burt, R. W., ... & Hill, D. A. (2015). Effectiveness of the extended parallel process model in promoting colorectal cancer screening. Psycho‐Oncology, 24(10), 1265-1278.

Carcioppolo, N., Jensen, J. D., Wilson, S. R., Collins, W. B., Carrion, M., & Linnemeier, G. (2013). Examining HPV threat-to-efficacy ratios in the extended parallel process model. Health Communication, 28(1), 20-28. doi:10.1080/10410236.2012.719478

Covello, V. T., von Winterfeldt, D., & Slovic, P. (1987). Communicating scientific information about health and environmental risks: Problems and opportunities from a social and behavioral perspective. In Uncertainty in risk assessment, risk management, and decision making (pp. 221-239). Springer, Boston, MA.

Dehghani-Tafti, A., Mahmoodabad, S. S. M., Morowatisharifabad, M. A., Ardakani, M. A., Rezaeipandari, H., & Lotfi, M. H. (2015). Determinants of self-care in diabetic patients based on health belief model. Global Journal Of Health Science, 7(5), 33.

Dinesh, P. V., Kulkarni, A. G., & Gangadhar, N. K. (2016). Knowledge and self-care practices regarding diabetes among patients with Type 2 diabetes in Rural Sullia, Karnataka: A community-based, cross-sectional study. Journal Of Family Medicine And Primary Care, 5(4), 847.

Evans, R. E., Beeken, R. J., Steptoe, A., & Wardle, J. (2012). Cancer information and anxiety: applying the Extended Parallel Process Model. Journal Of Health Psychology, 17(4), 579-589.

Hong, H. (2011). An extension of the extended parallel process model (EPPM) in television health news: The influence of health consciousness on individual message processing and acceptance. Health Communication, 26(4), 343-353. doi:10.1080/10410236.2010.551580

Huynh, G., Nguyen, T. N. H., Vo, K. N., & Pham, L. A. (2020). Knowledge and attitude toward COVID-19 among healthcare workers at District 2 Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 13(6), 260.

Jang, K., & Park, N. (2018). The effects of repetitive information communication through multiple channels on prevention behavior during the 2015 MERS outbreak in South Korea. Journal Of Health Communication, 23(7), 670-678.

Kelly, B., Hornik, R., Romantan, A., Schwartz, J. S., Armstrong, K., DeMichele, A., . . . Wong, N. (2010). Cancer information scanning and seeking in the general population. Journal Of Health Communication, 15(7), 734-753. doi:10.1080/10810730.2010.514029

Kim, S. C., & Hawkins, K. H. (2020). The psychology of social media communication in influencing prevention intentions during the 2019 US measles outbreak. Computers in Human Behavior, 106428.

Kim, Y. C., Lim, J. Y., & Park, K. (2015). Effects of health literacy and social capital on health information behavior. Journal Of Health Communication, 20(9), 1084-1094.

Lael-Monfared, E., Tehrani, H., Moghaddam, Z. E., Ferns, G. A., Tatari, M., & Jafari, A. (2019). Health literacy, knowledge and self-care behaviors to take care of diabetic foot in low-income individuals: Application of extended parallel process model. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 13(2), 1535-1541.

Larki, A., Tahmasebi, R., & Reisi, M. (2018). Factors predicting self-care behaviors among low health literacy hypertensive patients based on health belief model in Bushehr District, South of Iran. International journal of hypertension, 2018(1), 1-7

La Torre, G., Di Thiene, D., Cadeddu, C., Ricciardi, W., & Boccia, A. (2009). Behaviours regarding preventive measures against pandemic H1N1 influenza among Italian healthcare workers, October 2009. Eurosurveillance, 14(49), 19432.

LaVoie, N. R., & Quick, B. L. (2013). What is the truth? An application of the extended parallel process model to televised Truth® ads. Health Communication, 28(1), 53-62. doi:10.1080/10410236.2012.728467

Li, R., Yuan, L., Guo, X. H., Lou, Q. Q., Zhao, F., Shen, L., ... & Sun, Z. L. (2014). The current status of foot self-care knowledge, behaviours, and analysis of influencing factors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in China. International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 1(3), 266-271.

Liu, B. F., Austin, L., & Jin, Y. (2011). How publics respond to crisis communication strategies: The interplay of information form and source. Public Relations Review, 37(4), 345-353. doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2011.08.004

Liu, B. F., Fraustino, J. D., & Jin, Y. (2016). Social media use during disasters: How information form and source influence intended behavioral responses. Communication Research, 43(5), 626-646.

Madhav, N., Oppenheim, B., Gallivan, M., Mulembakani, P., Rubin, E., & Wolfe, N. (2017). Pandemics: risks, impacts, and mitigation. In: DT Jamison, H Gelband, S Horton (Eds). Disease Control Priorities: Improving Health and Reducing Poverty, (pp. 315-345). Washington, DC: The World Bank

Madhavaram, S., Badrinarayanan, V., & McDonald, R. E. (2005). Integrated marketing communication (IMC) and brand identity as critical components of brand equity strategy: A conceptual framework and research propositions. Journal of Advertising, 34(4), 69-80. doi:10.1080/00913367.2005.10639213

Masoompour, M., Tirgari, B., & Ghazanfari, Z. (2017). The relationship between health literacy, self-efficacy, and self-care behaviors in diabetic patients. Evidence Based Care, 7(3), 17-25.

Nelissen, S., Beullens, K., Lemal, M., & Van den Bulck, J. (2015). Fear of cancer is associated with cancer information seeking, scanning and avoiding: a cross‐sectional study among cancer diagnosed and non‐diagnosed individuals. Health Information & Libraries Journal, 32(2), 107-119.

Niederdeppe, J., & Levy, A. G. (2007). Fatalistic beliefs about cancer prevention and three prevention behaviors. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, 16(5), 998-1003. doi:10.1158/1055-9965

Niederdeppe, J., Hornik, R. C., Kelly, B. J., Frosch, D. L., Romantan, A.,Stevens, R. S., . . . Schwartz, J. S. (2007). Examining the dimensions of cancer-related information seeking and scanning behavior. Health Communication, 22(2), 153-167. doi:10.1080/10410230701454189

Ownby, R. L., Acevedo, A., Waldrop-Valverde, D., Jacobs, R. J., & Caballero, J. (2014). Abilities, skills and knowledge in measures of health literacy. Patient Education And Counseling, 95(2), 211-217.

Ren, S. Y., Gao, R. D., & Chen, Y. L. (2020). Fear can be more harmful than the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in controlling the corona virus disease 2019 epidemic. World Journal Of Clinical Cases, 8(4), 652.

Reynolds, B., & Seeger, M. W. (2005). Crisis and emergency risk communication as an integrative model. Journal of Health Communication, 10 (1), 43-55. doi:10.1080/10810730590904571

Salita, C., Tiongco, R. E., & Kawano, R. (2020). Assessment of school teachers' disaster preparedness using the extended parallel process model: a cross-sectional study in Angeles City, Philippines. Journal of Public Health, 1-8.

Sarkar, U., Fisher, L., & Schillinger, D. (2006). Is self-efficacy associated with diabetes self-management across race/ethnicity and health literacy?. Diabetes Care, 29(4), 823-829.

Seeger, M. W., Pechta, L. E., Price, S. M., Lubell, K. M., Rose, D. A., Sapru, S., ... & Smith, B. J. (2018). A conceptual model for evaluating emergency risk communication in public health. Health Security, 16(3), 193-203.

Sharoni, S. K. A., & Wu, S. F. V. (2012). Self‐efficacy and self‐care behavior of Malaysian patients with type 2 diabetes: a cross sectional survey. Nursing & Health Sciences, 14(1), 38-45.

Shim, M., Kelly, B., & Hornik, R. (2006). Cancer information scanning and seeking behavior is associated with knowledge, lifestyle choices, and screening. Journal Of Health Communication, 11(sup001), 157-172.doi:10.1080/10810730600637475

Smith, S. W., Rosenman, K. D., Kotowski, M. R., Glazer, E., McFeters, C., Keesecker, N. M., & Law, A. (2008). Using the EPPM to create and evaluate the effectiveness of brochures to increase the use of hearing protection in farmers and landscape workers. Journal Of Applied Communication Research, 36(2), 200-218. doi:10.1080/00909880801922862

Spinelli, A., & Pellino, G. (2020). COVID‐19 pandemic: perspectives on an unfolding crisis. The British Journal Of Surgery. 107(7), 785-787. Doi:10.1002/bjs.11627

Sutton, J., Palen, L., & Shklovski, I. (2008). Backchannels on the front lines: Emergent uses of social media in the 2007 southern California wildfires. In F. Fiedrich & B. Van De Walle (Eds.), Proceedings of the 5th international information systems for crisis response and management conference (pp. 1-8). Washington, DC.

Taghrir, M. H., Borazjani, R., & Shiraly, R. (2020). COVID-19 and Iranian Medical Students; A Survey on Their Related-Knowledge, Preventive Behaviors and Risk Perception. Archives Of Iranian Medicine, 23(4), 249-254.

Thackeray, R., Neiger, B. L., Smith, A. K., & Van Wagenen, S. B. (2012). Adoption and use of social media among public health departments. BMC Public Health, 12(1), 1-6.

Veil, S. R., Buehner, T., & Palenchar, M. J. (2011). A work‐in‐process literature review: Incorporating social media in risk and crisis communication. Journal Of Contingencies And Crisis Management, 19(2), 110-122.

Veil, S. R., Buehner, T., & Palenchar, M. J. (2011). A work‐in‐process literature review: Incorporating social media in risk and crisis communication. Journal Of Contingencies And Crisis Management, 19(2), 110-122.

Waller, J. O., Ostini, R., Marlow, L. A., McCaffery, K., & Zimet, G. (2013). Validation of a measure of knowledge about human papillomavirus (HPV) using item response theory and classical test theory. Preventive Medicine, 56(1), 35-40.

Weber, M. C., Schulenberg, S. E., & Lair, E. C. (2018). University employees' preparedness for natural hazards and incidents of mass violence: An application of the extended parallel process model. International Journal Of Disaster Risk Reduction, 31, 1082-1091.

WHO,(2020b). https://covid19.who.int/region/emro/country/pk

WHO. (2020a). WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). Dashboard. Retrieved from https://covid19.who.int/

Witte, K. (1992). Putting the fear back into fear appeals: The extended parallel process model. Communication Monographs, 59(4), 329-349. doi:10.1080/03637759209376276

Witte, K. (1994). Fear control and danger control: A test of the extended parallel process model (EPPM). Communication Monographs, 61(2), 113-134. doi:10.1080/03637759409376328

Worldometer, (2020). COVID-19 CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC. Retrieved from  https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/?

Zhong, B. L., Luo, W., Li, H. M., Zhang, Q. Q., Liu, X. G., Li, W. T., & Li, Y. (2020). Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards COVID-19 among Chinese residents during the rapid rise period of the COVID-19 outbreak: a quick online cross-sectional survey. International Journal Of Biological Sciences, 16(10), 1745.

Zonouzy, V. T., Niknami, S., Ghofranipour, F., & Montazeri, A. (2019). An educational intervention based on the extended parallel process model to improve attitude, behavioral intention, and early breast cancer diagnosis: a randomized trial. International Journal Of Women's Health, 11, 1.