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Examining the Principals' Transformational Leadership Behaviors, Teachers Effectiveness and Extra Effort in Districts of Punjab
Abstract
AbstractThe purpose of the study was to examine the differences of principals’ transformational leadership behaviors and teachers’ effectiveness and extra effort across the three districts of Punjab Pakistan. The study adopted quantitative cross sectional survey research design selecting three districts Lahore, Sheikhupura and Kasur because of their similar academic characteristics. Multistage sampling was applied to select the sample of three districts, and stratified proportionate sampling for 235 secondary schools’ principals and 2,232 teachers working under same principals. The data was collected using Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ-5x) developed by Bass and Avolio (1995). For principals MLQ-5x Leader form and for teacher to assess their effectiveness and extra effort, the outcome variables of MLQ-5x rater forms were used. The scale was comprised of five dimensions: Idealized Influence (attributed), Idealized Influence (behavior), Inspirational Motivation, Intellectual Stimulation and Individualized Consideration, Descriptive, Correlation coefficients, Multivariate analysis was done to analyze the data. The findings showed, Kasur teachers highest on idealized influence(attributed), inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, individualized consideration while, Sheikhupura found the on idealized influence (behavior). Multivariate analysis found significant district level differences in teachers’ effectiveness, extra effort, idealized influence (attributed), inspirational motivation and intellectual stimulation. The findings highlight the importance of transformational leadership behaviors to strengthen teachers’ effectiveness and extra effort.
References
References
Afshari, L. (2021). Idealized influence and commitment: a granular approach in understanding leadership. Personnel Review, 51(2), 805-822. doi:10.1108/pr-03-2020-0153Bakker, A. B., Hetland, J., Kjellevold Olsen, O., & Espevik, R. (2023). Daily transformational leadership: A source of inspiration for follower performance? European Management Journal, 41(5), 700-708. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2022.04.004Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1994). Transformational Leadership And Organizational Culture. International Journal of Public Administration, 17(3-4), 541-554. doi:10.1080/01900699408524907Batool, Z., Asim, R., BiBi, A., Naeem, U., Ayoub, F., & Mirza, A. A. Breaking Barriers and Empowering Change: Strengthening Women’s Leadership in Punjab, Pakistan’s School Systems. Retrieved from https://www.gpekix.org/sites/default/files/2026-03/Breaking%20Berriers%20and%20empowering%20change.pdfChaudhry, R., & Tajwar, A. W. (2021). The Punjab Schools Reform Roadmap: A Medium-Term Evaluation. In F. M. Reimers (Ed.), Implementing Deeper Learning and 21st Century Education Reforms: Building an Education Renaissance After a Global Pandemic (pp. 109-128). Cham: Springer International Publishing.Chukwuma, N., & Zondo, R. W. D. (2024). The role of intellectual stimulation on students creativity improvement in higher education: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Business Ecosystem & Strategy (2687-2293), 6(5), 116-122. Retrieved from http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Darling-Hammond, L., Wechsler, M. E., Levin, S., & Tozer, S. (2022). Developing Effective Principals: What Kind of Learning Matters? Learning Policy Institute. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED620192.pdfFarrell, C. C., Wong, L.-S., Cowhy, J. R., Ceperich, R., Coburn, C. E., Hopkins, M., & Beneke, A. J. (2026). Measuring Organizational Learning Outcomes Through Big Ideas. American Educational Research Journal, 63(1), 109-149. doi:10.3102/00028312251393536Hartono, H., Salju, S., & Qamaruddin, M. Y. (2024). Implementation of transformational leadership in increasing the organizational commitment of civil servants. JPPI (Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Indonesia), 10(3), 84-90. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/dd68/e678293b5b7e5226dc16d9709251c239c291.pdfJohnson, P., & Fitzmaurice, O. (2026). Navigating mathematics curriculum reform: teachers’ efforts and implementation challenges. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 58(3), 468-492. doi:10.1080/00220272.2025.2495973Khan, H., Khawas, S., Ali, M. W., Ameen, A., Basit, A., Hakim, M., . . . Mohamed, A. (2026). Overcoming barriers to polio eradication in challenging subnational geographies: lessons from South Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, 2022–2024. Frontiers in Public Health, Volume 14 - 2026. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1768343Khan, I. U., Amin, R. U., & Saif, N. (2025). Individualized Consideration and Idealized influence of transformational Leadership: Mediating Role of Inspirational Motivation and Intellectual stimulation. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 28(6), 1322-1332. doi:10.1080/13603124.2022.2076286Kurland, H., & Hasson-Gilad, D. R. (2015). Organizational learning and extra effort: The mediating effect of job satisfaction. Teaching and Teacher Education, 49, 56-67. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2015.02.010Leithwood, K., Harris, A., & Hopkins, D. (2020). Seven strong claims about successful school leadership revisited. School Leadership & Management, 40(1), 5-22. doi:10.1080/13632434.2019.1596077Leithwood, K., Sun, J., Schumacker, R., & Hua, C. (2023). Psychometric properties of the successful school leadership survey. Journal of Educational Administration, 61(4), 385-404. doi:10.1108/jea-08-2022-0115Li, L., Zhu, H., & Li, H. (2022). School Leadership Enhances Secondary Students’ Achievement in Rural China Through Teacher Commitment and Collaborative Culture. Frontiers in Psychology, Volume 13 - 2022. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.894688Menon, M. E. (2024). Transformational leadership and educational outcomes: A literature review. Journal of Education, Innovation and Communication, 6(1), 98-115. doi:10.34097/jeicom-6-1-6Roesminingsih, E., & Windasari, W. J. J. o. P. R. (2025). The impact of transformational leadership on teacher performance: A study of professional learning communities in Indonesia. 9(3), 312-326. doi:https://doi.org/10.33902/JPR.202530146Rojak, J. A., Sanaji, S., Witjaksono, A. D., & Kistyanto, A. (2024). The influence of transformational leadership and organizational culture on employee performance. EDUKASIA Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pembelajaran, 5(1), 977-990. doi:https://doi.org/10.62775/edukasia.v5i1.926Tan, C. Y., Dimmock, C., & Walker, A. (2024). How school leadership practices relate to student outcomes: Insights from a three-level meta-analysis. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 52(1), 6-27. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/17411432211061445Turkoglu Ozdemir, S., & Sincar, M. (2025). Primary School Teachers’ Perspectives on School Principals’ Social Justice Leadership Practices in Turkey. Leadership and Policy in Schools, 1-17. doi:10.1080/15700763.2025.2486426
Afshari, L. (2021). Idealized influence and commitment: a granular approach in understanding leadership. Personnel Review, 51(2), 805-822. doi:10.1108/pr-03-2020-0153Bakker, A. B., Hetland, J., Kjellevold Olsen, O., & Espevik, R. (2023). Daily transformational leadership: A source of inspiration for follower performance? European Management Journal, 41(5), 700-708. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2022.04.004Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1994). Transformational Leadership And Organizational Culture. International Journal of Public Administration, 17(3-4), 541-554. doi:10.1080/01900699408524907Batool, Z., Asim, R., BiBi, A., Naeem, U., Ayoub, F., & Mirza, A. A. Breaking Barriers and Empowering Change: Strengthening Women’s Leadership in Punjab, Pakistan’s School Systems. Retrieved from https://www.gpekix.org/sites/default/files/2026-03/Breaking%20Berriers%20and%20empowering%20change.pdfChaudhry, R., & Tajwar, A. W. (2021). The Punjab Schools Reform Roadmap: A Medium-Term Evaluation. In F. M. Reimers (Ed.), Implementing Deeper Learning and 21st Century Education Reforms: Building an Education Renaissance After a Global Pandemic (pp. 109-128). Cham: Springer International Publishing.Chukwuma, N., & Zondo, R. W. D. (2024). The role of intellectual stimulation on students creativity improvement in higher education: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Business Ecosystem & Strategy (2687-2293), 6(5), 116-122. Retrieved from http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Darling-Hammond, L., Wechsler, M. E., Levin, S., & Tozer, S. (2022). Developing Effective Principals: What Kind of Learning Matters? Learning Policy Institute. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED620192.pdfFarrell, C. C., Wong, L.-S., Cowhy, J. R., Ceperich, R., Coburn, C. E., Hopkins, M., & Beneke, A. J. (2026). Measuring Organizational Learning Outcomes Through Big Ideas. American Educational Research Journal, 63(1), 109-149. doi:10.3102/00028312251393536Hartono, H., Salju, S., & Qamaruddin, M. Y. (2024). Implementation of transformational leadership in increasing the organizational commitment of civil servants. JPPI (Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Indonesia), 10(3), 84-90. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/dd68/e678293b5b7e5226dc16d9709251c239c291.pdfJohnson, P., & Fitzmaurice, O. (2026). Navigating mathematics curriculum reform: teachers’ efforts and implementation challenges. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 58(3), 468-492. doi:10.1080/00220272.2025.2495973Khan, H., Khawas, S., Ali, M. W., Ameen, A., Basit, A., Hakim, M., . . . Mohamed, A. (2026). Overcoming barriers to polio eradication in challenging subnational geographies: lessons from South Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, 2022–2024. Frontiers in Public Health, Volume 14 - 2026. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1768343Khan, I. U., Amin, R. U., & Saif, N. (2025). Individualized Consideration and Idealized influence of transformational Leadership: Mediating Role of Inspirational Motivation and Intellectual stimulation. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 28(6), 1322-1332. doi:10.1080/13603124.2022.2076286Kurland, H., & Hasson-Gilad, D. R. (2015). Organizational learning and extra effort: The mediating effect of job satisfaction. Teaching and Teacher Education, 49, 56-67. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2015.02.010Leithwood, K., Harris, A., & Hopkins, D. (2020). Seven strong claims about successful school leadership revisited. School Leadership & Management, 40(1), 5-22. doi:10.1080/13632434.2019.1596077Leithwood, K., Sun, J., Schumacker, R., & Hua, C. (2023). Psychometric properties of the successful school leadership survey. Journal of Educational Administration, 61(4), 385-404. doi:10.1108/jea-08-2022-0115Li, L., Zhu, H., & Li, H. (2022). School Leadership Enhances Secondary Students’ Achievement in Rural China Through Teacher Commitment and Collaborative Culture. Frontiers in Psychology, Volume 13 - 2022. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.894688Menon, M. E. (2024). Transformational leadership and educational outcomes: A literature review. Journal of Education, Innovation and Communication, 6(1), 98-115. doi:10.34097/jeicom-6-1-6Roesminingsih, E., & Windasari, W. J. J. o. P. R. (2025). The impact of transformational leadership on teacher performance: A study of professional learning communities in Indonesia. 9(3), 312-326. doi:https://doi.org/10.33902/JPR.202530146Rojak, J. A., Sanaji, S., Witjaksono, A. D., & Kistyanto, A. (2024). The influence of transformational leadership and organizational culture on employee performance. EDUKASIA Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pembelajaran, 5(1), 977-990. doi:https://doi.org/10.62775/edukasia.v5i1.926Tan, C. Y., Dimmock, C., & Walker, A. (2024). How school leadership practices relate to student outcomes: Insights from a three-level meta-analysis. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 52(1), 6-27. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/17411432211061445Turkoglu Ozdemir, S., & Sincar, M. (2025). Primary School Teachers’ Perspectives on School Principals’ Social Justice Leadership Practices in Turkey. Leadership and Policy in Schools, 1-17. doi:10.1080/15700763.2025.2486426
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